Corona Virus Research and disposal
2019 year
On December 30, the Medical Administration and Medical Administration Office of Wuhan Municipal Health Commission issued the "Emergency Notice on Doing a Good Job in the Treatment of Pneumonia of Unexplained Causes." The notice requires all medical institutions to track the status of treatment in a timely manner, and report them in time as required [4].
On the morning of December 31, the expert team of the National Health Commission arrived in Wuhan to start relevant inspection and verification work. The investigation found that most of the pneumonia cases were business households in South China Seafood City [4].
On December 31, Wuhan organized consultations with clinical medicine, epidemiology, and virology experts from Tongji Hospital, Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan Infectious Disease Hospital, and Wuhan Center for Disease Control and Prevention. Analysis of the condition, outcome of treatment, epidemiological investigation, preliminary laboratory testing and other aspects of the situation believe that the above cases are viral pneumonia. Related virus typing testing, isolation treatment, terminal disinfection and other work are in progress [23].
2020 year
On January 1, the South China Seafood Wholesale Market was closed, and public places in Wuhan, especially the farmer’s market, were further strengthened for disease prevention guidance and environmental sanitation management. The third is to widely publicize disease prevention knowledge and enhance public self-protection awareness. The fourth is to cooperate with the country and the province to conduct pathogenic research. The fifth is to cooperate with the National Health Commission to report the epidemic information to the World Health Organization in a timely manner [24].
On the evening of January 5, the Wuhan Municipal Health Commission notified that an epidemiological survey showed that some patients were operating households in Wuhan South China Seafood City (South China Seafood Wholesale Market). Preliminary investigations showed that no clear evidence of human-to-human transmission was found, and no medical staff infection was found. Respiratory pathogens such as influenza, avian influenza, adenovirus, infectious atypical pneumonia (SARS) and Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) have been ruled out. Pathogen identification and cause tracing work is still in progress [25].
As of 21:00 on January 7th, the laboratory has detected a new type of coronavirus and obtained the complete genome sequence of the virus. A total of 15 positive results of the new type of coronavirus have been detected by nucleic acid testing methods, and a positive patient sample has been isolated The virus, under the electron microscope, showed a typical form of coronavirus. The expert team believes that the pathogen of this unexplained viral pneumonia case was preliminarily determined to be a new type of coronavirus [26]
As of 24:00 on January 10, pathogenic nucleic acid testing has been completed. National, provincial and municipal expert groups conducted comprehensive research and judgment on the clinical manifestations, epidemiological history, and laboratory test results of patients admitted to hospitals for observation and treatment. 41 cases of pneumonia with new coronavirus infection were initially diagnosed, of which 2 cases have been discharged. 7 cases were severely ill, 1 case died, and the rest of the patients were in stable condition. All 739 close contacts, including 419 medical staff, have been under medical observation and no related cases have been found [24].
WHO 's remarks
In January, World Health Organization (WHO) spokesman Tariq Yasarevic said that the World Health Organization does not recommend any restrictions on the movement of people in response to the emergence of the new coronavirus in China. Spread from person to person [27].
On January 12, experts from the Institute of Virology once again collected 70 specimens from wildlife vendors at the South China Seafood Market and transferred them to the laboratory for testing [28].
On January 20, the National Health Commission issued Announcement No. 1, 2020, which included the pneumonia caused by the new coronavirus into the category B stipulated in the "Law of the People's Republic of China on the Prevention and Control of Infectious Diseases" Infectious diseases, and adopt preventive and control measures for Class A infectious diseases. The pneumonia caused by the new coronavirus is included in the management of quarantine infectious diseases stipulated in the "Frontier Health and Quarantine Law of the People's Republic of China" [29]. On the same day, Academician Zhong Nanshan pointed out that the source of the new coronavirus is likely to be wild animals. It is unclear what kind of animal it is. [30]
On January 21, several research institutions including the Shanghai Pasteur Institute of the Chinese Academy of Sciences published online papers, speculating that the natural host of the new coronavirus may also be bats [30].
On January 22, the National Genome Science Data Center officially released the 2019 Novel Coronavirus Resource Library [31]. On the same day, Peking University, Guangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine and other units jointly published a paper stating that snakes may be the wild animal bank that caused the outbreak of 2019 new coronavirus (2019-nCoV) infection [30].
On January 23, Shi Zhengli’s team from Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences published an article Discovery of a novel coronavirus associated with the recent pneumonia outbreak in humans and its potential bat origin on the bioRxiv preprint platform, reporting the 2019 novel coronavirus (nCoV-2019). In this article, Shi Zhengli's team reported the latest coronavirus discovered in Wuhan, nCoV-2019, which caused the outbreak of this epidemic. The sequence identity between nCoV-2019 and a coronavirus in bats is as high as 96%. By comparing its conserved 7 non-structural proteins, it is found that nCoV-2019 belongs to SARSr-CoV. In addition, the receptor for nCoV-2019 to enter the cell is the same as SARS-CoV, which is ACE2. [32]
On January 24, it released information on my country’s first virus species successfully isolated by the Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention of the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, as well as its electron micrographs, primers and probe sequences for nucleic acid detection of the new coronavirus, etc., which were first published in China Important authoritative information, and provide shared services [33]. On the same day, Shanghai Research Institute's new coronavirus detection kit passed the inspection [34]. On the same day, "The Lancet" published online papers on the study of the new coronavirus in 2019. "The Lancet" and "The Lancet-Infectious Diseases" simultaneously launched the "Coronavirus" topic, including two original research papers and two Comment and an editorial [35-36]
On January 25, the internationally renowned journal "New England Journal of Medicine" published a research paper on the new coronavirus by the Chinese team, stating that through whole-genome sequencing of samples from patients with new pneumonia, a new type of coronavirus genus that has never been seen before was discovered Virus, it becomes the seventh member of the coronavirus family that can infect humans [37].
On January 26, the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Viral Diseases made progress in the virus traceability research. For the first time, the institute detected 33 samples containing the novel coronavirus nucleic acid from 585 environmental samples from the South China Seafood Market, and successfully isolated the virus from positive environmental samples, suggesting that the virus originated from wild animals sold in the South China Seafood Market[28] .
Vero-E6 passage cells
vero-E6 passage cells
On January 27, the Biosafety Level 3 Laboratory of the Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention has successfully isolated a new coronavirus strain. This is the second laboratory in China to successfully isolate a new coronavirus strain after the National Center for Disease Control and Prevention. It is also the first provincial laboratory in China to successfully isolate a new coronavirus strain[38]. On the same day, the Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention successfully isolated the first novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) strain in Guangdong Province, which was isolated from the alveolar lavage fluid of a case, using the vero-E6 passage cell line [39].
On January 26, the National Medical Products Administration announced that it had recently approved 4 new coronavirus detection products from 4 companies for emergency approval, further expanding the supply of new coronavirus nucleic acid detection reagents and fully serving the needs of epidemic prevention and control. At present, 4 products including the 2019-nCoV nucleic acid detection kit (fluorescent PCR method) and the 2019-nCoV nucleic acid sequencing system have been urgently approved. [40]
In February, South China Agricultural University, Lingnan Modern Agricultural Science and Technology Guangdong Laboratory Professor Shen Yongyi, Professor Xiao Lihua and other researchers jointly conducted the latest developments by researcher Yang Ruifu from the Academy of Military Medicine of the Chinese Academy of Military Sciences and Chen Wu senior veterinarian from Guangzhou Zoo Research Department Studies have shown that pangolins are potential intermediate hosts for the new coronavirus. This latest discovery will be of great significance to the prevention and control of the source of the new coronavirus. [41]
On February 22, Professor Zhao Jincun, an expert from the team of Academician Zhong Nanshan and deputy director of the State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, teamed up with Guangzhou Customs to successfully isolate the new coronavirus (COVID-19) strain from samples of local infected cases in Guangzhou. Later, the team isolated a new type of coronavirus (COVID-19). Recently, they once again isolated the new coronavirus from the urine of patients with new coronary pneumonia. At present, related research groups are conducting research on the pathogenic mechanism of the virus and drug treatment targets [42].
From February 16th to 24th, the Huazhong University of Science and Technology team completed the pathological anatomy of 9 cases of new coronary pneumonia remains. From it, the team found that the new coronavirus not only damages the lungs, but also the immune system and other organs. [43]
On February 25, the first domestic patient with new coronary pneumonia and encephalitis was cured and discharged. Beijing Ditan Hospital stated that patients with new coronary pneumonia can have multiple organ damages such as ARDS, myocardial damage, abnormal blood coagulation, kidney damage, and liver damage. This is the first report of central nervous system involvement in the world. [44]
On March 4, the new virus fusion research team (CEVI fusion research team) led by the Korea Institute of Chemistry has discovered antibodies against the new coronavirus (COVID-19). The structure of the spike protein of the new coronavirus is very similar to that of the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) and SARS (SARS), and it has been confirmed that the neutralizing antibody of the latter can bind to it [45].
On March 4, the Chinese scientific research team discovered that the new coronavirus has recently generated 149 mutation points and evolved two subtypes, namely the L subtype and the S subtype. ResearchNow, in the geographical distribution and the proportion of the population, these two subtypes show great differences. The S type is a relatively older version, while the L subtype is more aggressive and more infectious. An in-depth understanding of different subtypes will help differentiated treatment, prevention and control of new coronary pneumonia. [46]
On March 10, South Korea successfully synthesized a protein used to recognize antibodies to the new coronavirus. According to the National Institute of Health Care under the Korean Ministry of Disease Management, the protein can be used to extract neutralizing antibody-producing cells (B cells) from the blood of convalescent patients. This helps to form antibodies to the new coronavirus and is an indispensable part of the development of drug treatments. [47]
On April 30, British media stated that the new coronavirus has mutated into at least 10 different variants, one of which is the most dangerous. Scientists named this variant A2a. According to reports, this variant is better at "spreading from person to person" than other variants. [48]
On May 1, the World Health Organization stated that it determined that the new coronavirus originated in nature. Michael Ryan, Executive Director of WHO's Health Emergency Program, said at a press conference that day,The organization has repeatedly listened to the opinions of several experts who have carefully studied the genetic sequence of the new coronavirus and the virus itself, and determined that the new coronavirus originated in nature. [49]
On May 3rd, Peking University’s Xie Zhengwei team and Qin Zhengfeng team from the Academy of Military Medical Sciences published the title "An artificial intelligence system reveals liquiritin inhibits SARSCoV-2 by mimicking type I interferon" on the bioRxiv website (bioRxiv). Show that glycyrrhizin inhibits SARS (CoV-2) by mimicking type I interferon. [50]
On August 25, 2020, through live experiments on small laboratory animals, two groups of researchers in the United States and China found that instilling candidate new crown vaccines into the nasal cavity can have an immune effect and may be more effective than traditional injection vaccines. It is expected that after the vaccine is put into use, it will be more efficiently provided to the public. The method of nasal immunization is expected to reduce the potential immune problems caused by the adenovirus vector itself and achieve better immune effects [51].
In August 2020, the international academic journal "Nature" officially published the latest research results of the Huazhong University of Science and Technology School of Public Health team. This research is based on a previous paper summarizing the relationship between public health intervention measures in Wuhan and the epidemic trend. The prevention and control effects were further evaluated through mathematical models, revealing the transmission characteristics of the new coronavirus. The new model study reveals that the new coronavirus has two major characteristics: high infectivity and high concealment. The high infectivity and high concealment of the new coronavirus have greatly increased the epidemic prevention and controlThe difficulty also explains the rapid spread of the virus on a global scale. The study further used model predictions to assess the possibility of a rebound of the epidemic caused by the removal of prevention and control measures under different conditions. [5]
In September 2020, in September 2020, the research group of Li Sai of the School of Life Sciences of Tsinghua University and the research group of Academician Li Lanjuan of the State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Diagnosis and Treatment of Zhejiang University First Hospital analyzed the three-dimensional fine structure of the real new coronavirus for the first time in the world , Reaching an unprecedented resolution. [6]
Naming process
After the new coronavirus-infected pneumonia cases appeared in Wuhan, the outside world called the disease different, but they all carried the place name "Wuhan".
On January 12, 2020, the World Health Organization officially named the new coronavirus that caused the Wuhan pneumonia epidemic as "2019 Novel Coronavirus" (2019-nCoV), without mentioning "Wuhan". [3]
There are rumors that the new coronavirus has been named SARI. Regarding the naming of the virus, Maria D. Van Kerkhove, WHO's agent in charge of new infectious diseases and zoonotic diseases, said that the WHO does not have time to discuss the naming of the virus and will do this in time. It is still called 2019-nCoV [52].
On February 11, the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses announced on its official website that the English name of the new coronavirus is "SARS-CoV-2".
On the 9th of the same month, Academician Zhong Nanshan also stated in an interview with the media that the new type of coronavirus and SARS coronavirus are of the same type, but not the same.
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